Electricity-Based Transportation Ecosystem in Jabodetabek Expanded

Electric mass transportation is important in saving energy in the industrial and household sectors, as well as the impact of climate change.

KOMPAS/FAKHRI FADLURROHMAN

The MRT train arrived at the MRT Lebak Bulus Station in South Jakarta on Friday (19/4/2024). The plan to expand the MRT Jakarta track to South Tangerang had been raised in 2019 following the inauguration of the mass rail-based transportation mode. The development of the MRT project to South Tangerang aims to boost inter-regional connectivity. This will make it easier for the community to use public transportation.

JAKARTA, KOMPAS — The Jabodetabek Transportation Management Agency or BPTJ is encouraging the acceleration of the development of electric-based public transportation in the Jabodetabek area through quick win development of road-based public transportation routes. An environmentally friendly public transportation ecosystem can be realized if there is synergy across ministries and across sectors.

BPTJ Acting Secretary Hananto Prakoso said that BPTJ had determined a quick win for the development of road-based public transport routes based on the results of sketch planning analysis or sketch plans from methods developed by the World Bank.

Also read: Waiting for the Integration of "Buy the Service" Bus Services in Jabodetabek

Through quick win, BPTJ not only develops routes, but also feeders or transport connecting LRT Jabodebek and Transjabodetabek.

Quick win The development of public transport routes is one of the efforts to support emission reduction programs from the transport sector. In achieving the target of net zero emissions by 2060, the Indonesian Government also continues to encourage the use of new and renewable energy.

"One of the efforts is through the development of electric vehicle ecosystems to reduce emissions and pollution from the transportation sector," said Hananto, on Wednesday (1/5/2024).

KOMPAS/AGUIDO ADRI

After the BisKita Trans Pakuan, the people of Bogor City will enjoy an alternative transportation option in the form of the Bogor City electric public transportation or Alibo. The Alibo, parked in front of the Cidangiang stop on Thursday (4/4/2024), is in demand by residents. The Alibo trial will last for three months with a non-cash payment system of Rp 5,000.

Quick win The development of road-based public transport routes, said Hananto, was presented at the Sharing Session for the Acceleration of Electricity-Based Public Transport Ecosystem Development in the Jabodetabek Region, Tuesday (30/4/2024). At the event, housing developers, banks and other cross-sector agencies were present.

BPTJ is not only developing routes, but also 'feeders' or transportation connecting the Jabodebek LRT and Transjabodetabek.

Hananto explained, from the estimated origin-destination matrix, BPTJ identified the number of inter-district movements in the Jabodetabek area as more than 75 million movements per day. Of this massive number of movements, there are nine commuting road and rail-based public transportation services with 6,583 transportation nodes.

Based on the coverage of public transportation services within a 500-meter radius from the key points, existing public transportation has the potential to serve 7.97 million or 25.18 percent of the population of Jabodetabek. Out of these 7.97 million residents, 7.3 million or more than 65 percent of DKI Jakarta's population have the potential to be served by mass public transportation in the Jakarta area.

Meanwhile, for the Bodetabek area, only 656,000 people or less than 5 percent of the Bodetabek population have the potential to be served by mass public transportation. Efforts to improve public transportation services will indirectly improve air quality.

"The market potential of public transportation is very large with more than 75 million movements in Jabodetabek, while the capital share achievement in 2023 will only reach 20 percent of the 60 percent of total movements in Jabodetabek, said Hananto.

KOMPAS/FAKHRI FADLURROHMAN

The electric Transjakarta bus departed from Blok M Terminal in South Jakarta on Tuesday (22/8/2023). PT Transportasi Jakarta will convert their diesel-engine buses into electric buses starting in 2024.

If you look at the trend in the number of Jabodetabek public transport passengers in 2023, the number of Transjakarta passengers will reach 1.17 million per day. Then followed by KRL with 952,000 passengers, MRT Jakarta with 278,955 passengers, LRT Jabodebek with 29,971 passengers, LRT Jakarta with 2,749 passengers, Transjabodetabek with 1,924 passengers, JRC with 7,717 passengers, and the buy the service (BTS) service in Bogor with 11,317 passengers. The total number of users of the six modes of transportation is 2.454 million passengers per day.

As an effort to improve services, BPTJ strives to provide services based on the level of affordability for the community which can be seen from the price of housing. The target in the short term for BPTJ is middle to upper class housing.

Currently, there are 2,010 residential areas in Jabodetabek, with 158 of them being high-end housing estates. Regarding public transportation services, the JRC (Jabodetabek Residence Connexion) service is available in 23 high-end housing estates.

For upscale residential areas in Jakarta, 30 of them do not require the provision of a JRC route, assuming that the public transportation network in Jakarta is already very extensive. Outside of Jakarta, there are 117 residential areas that are not served by the JRC route, requiring the development of new routes.

Ministry of Transportation will gradually provide new JRC routes. In 2024 there will be 40 housing complexes with 106 buses. Furthermore, in 2025 there will be 40 housing complexes with 86 buses and in 2026 there will be 37 housing complexes with 46 buses.

KOMPAS/FRANSISKUS WISNU WARDHANA DANY

The electric bus of Jabodetabek Residence Connexion operating on the Pantai Indah Kapuk 2 route in Tangerang Regency, Banten, to Sedayu City in Kelapa Gading, East Jakarta, began its service on Monday (4/3/2024). Five buses will serve passengers with a fare of Rp 25,000 and a waiting time between buses of 60 minutes.

Apart from JRC, through quick win, BPTJ also analyzes the Jabodebek LRT service coverage by identifying middle and lower class housing which is included in the LRT service coverage area.

Analysis using a network analyst by determining service coverage within a 15-30 minute journey from each Jabodebek LRT station. From this analysis, 48 ​​middle class housing and 64 lower class housing were obtained which were targets for developing LRTfeederroutes. The need for connecting transportation is 287 medium buses with 18 routes.

Cross-sector

According to the Acting Head of BPTJ, Suharto, the development of routes to the policy of electric vehicle ecosystems, especially electric-based public transportation, needs transformation through cross-sectoral cooperation and commitments between the government and the private sector.

The involvement of housing developers and banks plays an important role in building an eco-friendly public transportation ecosystem and increasing the effectiveness of public transportation for those who use private vehicles.

"In early 2024, BPTJ, in cooperation with operators and developers, has launched an urban bus route service using electric buses from PIK 2 to Sedayu City, Kelapa Gading. This effort is certainly a good first step towards realizing an electric-based public transportation ecosystem in the Jabodetabek area," said Suharto.

Involvement across sectors or all stakeholders, said Suharto, is considered important because human movement in agglomeration areas is very high. If the development of public transportation services is lacking, many derivative impacts must be borne, such as congestion, pollution, waste of fuel and health.

KOMPAS/FRANSISKUS WISNU WARDHANA DANY

The Jabodetabek Residence Connexion service serves the route from Pantai Indah Kapuk 2 in Tangerang Regency, Banten to Sedayu City in Kelapa Gading, East Jakarta on Monday (4/3/2024).

Energy saving

Director of Energy Conservation of the Directorate General of New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Hendra Iswahyudi continued, mass transportation, especially based on electric vehicles. not only plays an important role in saving energy in addition to the industrial and household sectors. However, this is also the key to climate change in Indonesia.

Based on BMKG's records in 2020, Indonesia experienced a trend of increasing temperatures of 0.03 degrees Celsius per year from 1981 to 2018. Indonesia also experienced a rise in sea levels ranging from 0.8-1.2 centimeters per year, while approximately 65 percent of its population lives in coastal areas.

Also read: A Number of Transportation Companies Begin to Provide Inclusive Services for Vulnerable Groups

One of the factors that makes Indonesia highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change is transportation. Data shows that there are around 157 million vehicles in Indonesia.

Particularly in Jabodetabek, in the jurisdiction of the Jakarta Metropolitan Police, there are 23.276 million vehicles or second highest ranking out of 34 police departments throughout Indonesia. The top rank is held by East Java with a total of 24.915 million vehicles.

Compared to electric motor vehicles which until early September 2023 had only reached 68,207 units and 91 vehicles that were converted into electric vehicles. As for the number of battery-based electric vehicles in early April 2024, it only reached 133,225 units.

KOMPAS/FAKHRI FADLURROHMAN

Drivers were stuck in traffic on Kalibata Main Road, Jakarta, on Monday (22/4/2024). Following the 2024 Eid al-Fitr holiday, DKI Jakarta has returned to normal. Traffic congestion was observed on several roads during rush hour. Workers have started to resume their usual activities.

“Vehicle electrification supports the development of emission reduction. As an illustration, the transportation sector in 2022 will have consumption of 429 MBOE (million barrels of oil equivalent). "There is potential for energy savings of 15-35 percent with the implementation strategy in public transportation (BRT/MRT/LRT) through fuel switching from fuel to gas, hydrogen and electricity," said Hendra.

According to him, in the transportation sector, implementing the fuel economy standard (FES) in 2025 and accelerating vehicle electrification can save energy consumption equivalent to 8.4 MTOE in 2030.

In 2050, savings could reach 62 million liters. At current oil prices, these savings are equivalent to cost savings of US$4.9 billion and US$36.3 billion, respectively.

The fuel economy standard is the main policy instrument which enables Indonesia to achieve levels of energy efficiency and electrification to achievenet zero in the transportation sector . The preparation of the FES has also been mandated in the General National Energy Plan (RUEN). Standards are also an important driving factor for the adoption of electric vehicles in Indonesia.

According to Head of Industry & Regional Research at Bank Mandiri, Dendi Ramdani, there is considerable potential for banking financing in the procurement of electric-based public transportation. The transportation sector has great potential for investment and can reach up to Rp 8 trillion. In 2023, national bank credits for the road passenger transportation sector are projected to grow significantly, reaching Rp 10.1 trillion.

"However, it is still necessary to remember that the risks of policy changes, industrial risks, technological changes, and operational risks can hinder banking financing for electric-based public transport," said Dendi.

KOMPAS/FAKHRI FADLURROHMAN

The electric Transjakarta bus passes through Bulungan Street, South Jakarta, on Tuesday (22/8/2023). PT Transportasi Jakarta will convert its diesel-powered buses into electric buses (retrofit) starting in 2024.

Strengthening policies

Transportation expert Djoko Setijowarno believes that in building a public transportation ecosystem, especially those based on electricity or batteries, the government needs to strengthen its policies by declaring public transportation as a mandatory priority and basic public service.

Therefore, there is a need for a revision of Law Number 23/2014 concerning Local Governments. In the revision, transportation needs to be included as a basic necessity. The revision needs to strengthen regulations on public transportation at the regional level, namely 5 percent for public transportation. In addition, the Ministry of Home Affairs needs to include guidelines for seeking financing for mass transportation.

“The budget for this transportation is very low, on average less than 1 percent. "Three percent are only DKI and Solo," said Djoko.

Along with the strengthening of basic public service policies, inevitably local governments will prioritize the provision of vehicles and routes. The facilities and infrastructure that are built will encourage the community to switch from private vehicles to mass transportation modes.

In building that ecosystem, the government also needs to collaborate across sectors, such as with banks and housing developers, particularly in the Greater Jakarta area.

"Even so, public transportation must still be subsidized by the government because this is part of the government's obligations," he continued.

KOMPAS/RONY ARIYANTO NUGROHO

BisKita Trans Pakuan mode travels through Jalan Raya Bogor, Bogor City, West Java, on Friday (11/12/2021). After its launch on Tuesday (11/2/2021), the community's interest in using this mass transportation mode is quite high.

In addition to cross-sector collaboration, achieving a mass transportation ecosystem also requires collaboration from the ministry level. According to Djoko, the condition of public transportation is still poor because at the ministry level, there is a lack of alignment due to differing interests or sectoral egos.

"The Ministry of Industry actually implemented policies with electric private vehicles, while the focus should be on expanding and increasing mass transportation. They are actually encouraging the purchase of electric motorcycles, even though there is a need for mass transportation. Motorized vehicles are already very high in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi," said Djoko.

The Ministry of Industry, meanwhile, has a Rp 12.3 trillion incentive program for electric vehicles. However, the program is considered unclear as it does not specify the types of vehicles. Then, the Ministry of Industry added a program by purchasing 552 buses in the 2023-2024 budget years.

The procurement of the vehicles has left unanswered questions as to which cities they will be given to. The lack of open communication with the Ministry of Industry has made the procurement of the buses unclear.

"Where did they buy the bus? Indonesia already has domestic production at Inka. It would be better if the procurement of these buses could go through Inka. We have already proudly showcased Inka's products during the G20," said Djoko.

According to him, the government should encourage the production and purchase of domestic electric buses through its ministries, not from abroad. "It's not about contradicting, but we see a crisis in public transportation. What steps should be taken to overcome this crisis to enjoy minimum standard transportation services," he said.